Clopidogrel versus prasugrel en síndrome coronario agudo tratado con angioplastia / Clopidogrel versus prasugrel in acute coronary syndrome treated with coronary angioplasty

Al uso del clopidogrel se han agregado nuevos antiagregantes como prasugrel y ticagrelor. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la incidencia de eventos isquémicos y hemorrágicos en pacientes que han recibido clopidogrel o prasugrel.Se incluyeron de manera consecutiva todos los pacientes con angioplastia durante la internación por síndrome coronario agudo entre diciembre 2011 y diciembre 2012.Fueron incluidos 398 pacientes. No se observaron diferencias en la mortalidad de causa cardiovascular (clopidogrel 2.5% vs. prasugrel 2.9%, p = 0.48). El grupo prasugrel presentó una reducción en la tasa de infarto (1.9% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.01) con sangrado totales (18.5% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.001) a expensas de sangrados menores (12.4% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001), sin diferencia en sangrados mayores (p = 0.27) y sangrados con peligro de vida (p =.0.20). Por análisis multivariado los predictores independientes de mortalidad cardiovascular fueron edad (odds ratio 1.08, intervalo de confianza, IC, 95% 1.02-1.16, p = 0.02) insuficiencia renal (odds ratio 6.98, IC 95% 1.23-39.71, p < 0.0001). En cuanto al sangrado total se identificaron la edad (odds ratio 1.06, IC 95% 1.02-1.09, p = 0.002), elevación del segmento ST (odds ratio 1.99, IC 95% 1.05-3.79, p = 0.02), insuficiencia renal (odds ratio 3.32, IC 95% 1.62-6.78, p = 0.002) y utilización de prasugrel (odds ratio 3.97, IC 95% 1.87-8.41, p < 0.0001). La utilización de prasugrel se asocia a una menor tasa de infarto agudo de miocardio al año de seguimiento, con incremento de hemorragias menores. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad cardiovascular entre ambos grupos.

Greater antithrombotic potency new antiplatelet agents have been added such as prasugrel (PR) and ticagrelor to the traditional use of clopidogrel (CL) in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study was aimed at comparing the incidence of long term ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients treated with CL or PR during hospitalization. Retrospective ACS data base analysis performed by our cardiology service was completed prospectively. There were consecutively included all patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during hospitalization due to ACS from December 2011 thru December 2012. A total of 398 ACS patients who underwent PCI with stent implantation were recruited. No differences in cardiovascular related deaths were observed in both groups (PR 2.9% vs. CL 2.5%, p = 0.48). PR group showed less re-infraction (1.9% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.01) with more total bleedings (18.5% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.001) and minor bleedings (12.4% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001) with no differences in major and life threatening bleedings (p = ns). Multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality were age (OR 1.08, CI 95% 1.02-1.16) and renal failure (OR 6.98, CI 95% 1.23-39.71). Independent predictors for total bleeding were age (OR 1.06, CI 95% 1.02-1.09),ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.99, CI 95% 1.05-3.79), renal failure (OR 3.32, CI 95% 1.62-6.78) and prasugrel use (OR 3.97, CI 95% 1.87-8.41). Use of prasugrel, in the ACS that requires PCI with stent, is associated with a lower myocardial infarction a year after follow-up, and it also leads to an increase of milder hemorrhage. No significant differences were observed in the cardiovascular mortality of both groups.

Registro Nacional de Internación por Insuficiencia Cardíaca 2007 / 2007 National Registry of Admissions due to Heart Failure

Introducción La insuficiencia cardíaca representa una de las principales causas de internación con una tasa elevada de complicaciones y cuyo enfoque no parece que haya mejorado en los último años. Objetivos Conocer el perfil epidemiológico y clínico, analizar las medidas terapéuticas y la evolución durante la internación y a los 3 meses de pacientes admitidos por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada. Material y métodos Registro prospectivo, multicéntrico de pacientes internados por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada en 31 centros de todo el país que aceptaron la invitación a participar del registro. Se analizaron variables vinculadas con la presentación y la evolución hospitalaria y a los 90 días. Resultados Se incluyeron 736 pacientes, mediana de edad 74 años (64-82), 41% mujeres, 75% hipertensos, 27% diabéticos, 20% infarto previo, 30% fibrilación auricular crónica, 17% insuficiencia renal crónica, 18% EPOC. Sólo el 29% era de etiología isquémico-necrótica. El 47% había tenido internación en el último año por insuficiencia cardíaca. Las causas de descompensación más frecuentes fueron infecciones, suspensión del tratamiento y transgresión alimentaria. Las formas graves de presentación (shock cardiogénico, edema agudo de pulmón, anasarca) representaron el 30%. El 60% de los pacientes se internaron en área crítica. La mediana de permanencia fue de 7 (5-11) días. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 8%. A los 90 días, la reinternación fue del 24,5% y la mortalidad posalta fue del 12,8%. Conclusiones El presente registro confirma que se trata de una población de edad avanzada con una incidencia alta de comorbilidades. Muchas descompensaciones ocurren por factores prevenibles. La tasa de complicaciones es elevada y no se redujo en la última década.

Introduction Heart failure represents one of the main causes of hospital admissions, with a high rate of complications; however, its approach does not seem to have improved during recent years. Objectives To become acquainted with the epidemiologycal and clincial profile; to analize the therapeutic measures and the evolution of patients who were admitted due to descompensated heart failure, during the period of hospitalization, and three months later. Material and Methods Prospective multicenter register of hospitalized patients due to descompensed heart failure in 31 facilities throughout the country that accepted the invitation to participate in the register. Variables related to the presentation and the hospital evolution were analized, as well as the variables 90 days after hospitalization. Results A total of 736 patients were included, with an average of 74 years of age (64-82), 41% women, 75% hypertensive, 27% diabetics, 20% previous infarction, 30% chronic atrial fibrillation, 17% chronic kidney failure, 18% COPD. Only 29% was of ischemic-necrosis etiology. 47% had been admitted over the last year due to heart failure. The most frequent causes of descompensation were infections, stopping treatment, and dietary indiscretion. The severe presentations (cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema, anasarca) occurred in 30% of the individuals. 60% patients were admitted in the critical unit. The median stay in hospital was of 7 (5-11) days. In-hospital mortality was of 8%. After 90 days, readmittance was of 24.5%, and post discharge mortality was of 12.8%. Conclusions The present register confirms that this is a population made up of older adults with a high incidence of cormobilities. Many descompensations occur due to factors that may be prevented. The rate of complications is high and did not reduce over the last decade.

La formación de recursos humanos en alimentación y nutrición / Training of human resources in feeding and nutrition

Objetivo: hacer una breve historia de la formación de recursos humanos en alimentación y nutrición, y describir cómo se ha comportado la formación de recursos humanos en el instituto, así como algunos elementos que la caracterizan, enfatizando en el proceso de formación del Maestro en Ciencias en Nutrición en Salud Pública. Métodos: se realizó una revisión del diseño curricular de la maestría y otras maneras de formación de recursos humanos, haciéndose una descripción de los resultados alcanzados hasta el presente. Resultados: se dan a conocer los elementos del diseño curricular que constituyen la Maestría de Nutrición en Salud Pública, el número de versiones (12) desde su creación en el año 1993, la matrícula (menos de 20 profesionales por año académico como promedio, con un incremento en las 2 últimas versiones que se cursan en la actualidad) y el número de graduados (138). Conclusiones: la Maestría de Nutrición en Salud Pública cumple con los requisitos pedagógicos y de salud pública para la correspondiente atención a los desórdenes o trastornos relacionados con la alimentación y dietas inadecuadas. Las evaluaciones y los rediseños de nuevas propuestas obedecen básicamente al logro de la prevención de la salud utilizando diversas estrategias, entre las que se puede citar la educación alimentaria y nutricional.

Aim: to make a brief account of the training of human resources in feeding and nutrition, and to describe the behaviour of the training of human resources in the Institute, as well as of some characteristic elements, making emphasis on the training process of the Master of Public Health in Nutrition. Methods: a review of the curricular design of the Master Degree and of other ways of training human resources was made, describing the results attained up to now. Results: the elements of the curricular design included in the Master Degree of Public Health in Nutrition are made known, as well as the number of versions (12) since its creation in 1993, the enrolment (less than 20 professionals by academic year as an average, with an increase in the two last versions conducted at present), and the number of graduates (138). Conclusions: the Master Degree of Public Health in Nutrition fulfils the pedagogic and public health criteria necessary to give attention to the disorders related to feeding and to inadequate diets. The evaluations and redesigns of the new proposals are basically the result of the achievement of health prevention by using different strategies, including food and nutritional education.

Factores asociados a falla de extubación inmediata en el quirófano después de cirugía cardíaca con y sin circulación extracorpórea / Operating room extubation (ultra fast-track anesthesia) in patients undergoing on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: The potential benefit of immediate operating room extubation after cardiac surgery remains controversial. Since safety and effectiveness of ultra fast-track anesthesia is mandatory, we developed this work to identify preoperative and operative variables associated to failed extubation after on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery. METHODS: Three hundred ninety eight consecutive patients undergoing coronary, valve or combined surgery were included in a prospective observational study of ultra fast-track anesthesia. Primary outcome was failed tracheal extubation, defined as the impossibility to extubate in the operating room immediately after surgery. Secondary outcomes evaluated need for postoperative tracheal reintubation, morbidity and mortality. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were done over 24 preoperative and operative variables to determine factors associated with failed tracheal extubation after on-pump and off-pump surgery. RESULTS: Sixty eight per cent of patients undergoing on-pump surgery, and 87.1% of those undergoing off-pump coronary revascularization were successfully extubated in the operating room. Univariate analysis in the on-pump group found that heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, urgency, cross-clamping time, pacemaker requirement and difficult cardiopulmonary by-pass weaning were related to failed tracheal extubation; while heart failure and difficult cardiopulmonary bypass weaning were variables associated in the multivariate analysis. In the off-pump coronary surgery group, univariate analysis showed that pulmonary disease, urgency, pacemaker requirement and hemodynamic compromise during 'heart dislocation' were associated to failed extubation in the operating room. In this case, logistic analysis found obesity, pacemaker usage and hemodynamic compromise as factors related to failed extubation. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative and operative factors associated to failed extubation could be used as guidelines to improve safety in ultra fast-track cardiac anesthesia. Especially, patients undergoing on-pump surgery with antecedents of heart failure or difficult cardiopulmonary by-pass weaning should not be extubated in the operating room. In the same way, immediate extubation should be avoided in obese patients with hemodynamic compromise during off-pump coronary surgery.